that electromagnetic radiation can only exist as “packets” of energy, later called, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window), on Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation. The major significance of the wave-particle duality is that all behavior of light and matter can be explained through the use of a differential equation which represents a wave function, generally in the form of the Schrodinger equation. x-rays Refraction, diffraction and the Doppler effect are all behaviors of light that can only be explained by wave mechanics. electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is energy traveling at the speed of light in waves as an electric and magnetic disturbance in space. • Discuss the energy, wavelength, and frequency of each member of the electromagnetic spectrum and how these characteristics affect its behavior in interacting with matter. The radiographer should consider him or herself as a resource for the public and should be able to dispel any myths or misconceptions about medical imaging in general. Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: James Maxwell (1870) was the first to give a comprehensive explanation about the interaction between the charged bodies and the behavior of electrical and magnetic fields on the macroscopic level. The Particle Nature of Light 1. Key Features of the Photoelectric Effect (1 point) EM radiation has a frequency EM radiation can move through space without a medium. Electromagnetic radiations are characterized by the properties − frequency ( v) and wave length (λ). In fact, energy and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are related mathematically. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and solid state and quantum chemistry to draw inferences about the properties of atoms, molecules and solids. 2.0.Introduction; 2.1. infrared light The S.I. Key Terms Particulate Radiation It also is a spectrum consisting of radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic Radiation The constant, h, which is named for Planck, is a mathematical value used to calculate photon energies based on frequency. DE Broglie, in his PhD thesis, proposed that if wave (light) has particle (quantum) nature, on the basis of natural symmetry, a particle must have the wave associated with it. Electromagnetic radiation exhibits properties of a wave or a particle depending on its energy and in some cases its environment. This chapter introduces the nature of electromagnetic and particulate radiation. Electromagnetic Radiation It is a form of energy that can propagate in vacuum or material medium and shows both wave like and particle like properties. Sometimes, however, electromagnetic radiation seems to behave like discrete, or separate, particles rather than waves. This property is explained in this chapter. Electromagnetic radiation may be defined as “an electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light.” The electromagnetic spectrum is a way of ordering or grouping the different electromagnetic radiations. He or she should also understand the nature of radiation well enough to safely use it for medical imaging purposes. Based on Einstein’s light quantum hypothesis, the duality of the photon was confirmed quantum-mechanical experiments and examination. • Describe the nature of the electromagnetic spectrum. Only photons whose energy exceeds a threshold value will cause emission of photoelectrons. Explain the relationship between energy and frequency of electromagnetic radiation. (b) De-broglie wavelength is given by: λ = h p. λ = h … Both ends of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in medical imaging. The American physicist Arthur Holly Compton explained (1922; published 1923) the wavelength increase by considering X-rays as composed of discrete pulses, or quanta, of electromagnetic energy. The energy of electromagnetic radiation can be calculated by the following formula: Related As a result, the particle nature of light comes into play when it interacts with metals and irradiates free electrons. Blackbody Radiation. The amplitude refers to the maximum height of a wave. Key Ideas and Terms Notes Define frequency. As previously stated, the velocity for all electromagnetic radiation is the same: 3 × 108 m/s. Only gold members can continue reading. More specifically, the radiographer should be able to explain to a patient the nature of ionizing radiation as well as any risks and benefits, and should be an advocate for the patient in such discussions with other professionals. You may also needX-ray Interactions with MatterImage ProductionThe X-ray CircuitRadiographic Exposure TechniqueIntroduction to the Imaging SciencesX-ray ProductionAdditional EquipmentStructure of the Atom Apply coupon WELCOME21 at checkout and avail 21% discount on your order. Differentiate between electromagnetic and particulate radiation. James Clerk Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, thus uncovering the wave-like nature of electric and magnetic fields and their symmetry. The electromagnetic spectrum energy, frequency, and wavelength ranges are continuous, with energies from 10, Electromagnetic radiation exhibits properties of a wave or a particle depending on its energy and in some cases its environment. Sub Atomic Particles; 2.1.1. Thus, De-Broglie equation equals the wavelength of em radiation of which the photon is a quantum of energy and momentum. Conceptually we can talk about electromagnetic radiation based on its wave characteristics of velocity, amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Differentiate between x-rays and gamma rays and the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. His work is considered by many to be one of the greatest advances of physics. In fact, energy and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are related mathematically. Critical Concept 3-1 particle nature of electromagnetic radiation and planck's quantum theory The electromagnetic wave theory of radiation believed in the continuous generation of energy. Calculate the wavelength or frequency of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength Radiowaves are used in conjunction with a magnetic field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of the body. This property is explained in this chapter. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that originates from the atom. In the latter half of the 19th century, the physicist James Maxwell developed his electromagnetic theory, significantly advancing the world of physics. • Differentiate between x-rays and gamma rays and the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. Video explain methods & techniques to solve numericals on particle nature of electromagnetic radiations helpful for CBSE 11 Chemistry Ch.2 structure of atom Besides, photons assume an essential role in the electromagnetic propagation of energy. Introduction Since the energy of a particle of light depends on its frequency, an incoming particle with a high enough frequency will have a high enough energy to liberate an electron from a metal. They all have the same velocity—the speed of light—and vary only in their energy, wavelength, and frequency. Electromagnetic energy differs from mechanical energy in that it does not require a medium in which to travel. This chapter introduces the nature of electromagnetic and particulate radiation. Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron; 2.1.3. Unlike mechanical energy, which requires an object or matter to act through, electromagnetic energy can exist apart from matter and can travel through a vacuum. All of the members of the electromagnetic spectrum have the same velocity (the speed of light or 3 × 108 m/s) and vary only in their energy, wavelength, and frequency. The sound from a speaker vibrates molecules of air adjacent to the speaker, which then pass the vibration to other nearby molecules until they reach the listener’s ear. • Explain the relationship between energy and frequency of electromagnetic radiation. He suggested that when electrically charged particles move with an acceleration alternating electrical and magnetic fields are produced and transmitted. One difference between the “ends” of the spectrum is that only high-energy radiation (x-rays and gamma rays) has the ability to ionize matter. • Describe the nature of particulate radiation. His work is considered by many to be one of the greatest advances of physics. But, at the beginning of the 20th century, scientists had begun to question the w… Electrons in Atoms: Particle Nature Directions: Using this linked PDF, complete the following questions.They are in order with the reading. X-rays and gamma rays are used for imaging in radiology and nuclear medicine, respectively. Electromagnetic nature of radiations is explained by James Maxwell (1870). He introduced a new concept that light shows dual nature. The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. • Identify concepts regarding the electromagnetic spectrum important for the radiographer. Summary This phenomenon is called wave-particle duality, which is essentially the idea that there are two equally correct ways to describe electromagnetic radiation. The photon is now regarded as a particle in fields related to the interaction of material with light that is absorbed and emitted; and regarded as a wave in regions relating to light propagation. Wavelength, Only gold members can continue reading. The physicist Max Planck first described the direct proportionality between energy and frequency; that is, as the frequency increases, so does the energy. This phenomenon is called wave-particle duality, which is essentially the idea that there are two equally correct ways to describe electromagnetic radiation. One phenomenon that seemed to contradict the theories of classical physics was blackbody radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation given off by a hot object. inverse square law The energy of electromagnetic radiation can be calculated by the following formula: In this formula, E is energy, h is Planck’s constant (equal to 4.15 × 10-15 eV-sec), and f is the frequency of the photon. Electromagnetic radiation can be defined as a form of energy that is produced by the movement of electrically charged particles traveling through a matter or vacuum or by oscillating magnetic and electric disturbance. In general, it is the radiographer’s role to be familiar with the different types of radiation to which patients may be exposed and to be able to answer questions and educate patients. radiowaves Wavelength and frequency are discussed shortly. Einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation has a wave-particle nature, that the energy of a quantum, or photon, depends on the frequency of the radiation, and that the energy of the photon is given by the formula Ephoton=hv. Electromagnetic Radiation When electromagnetic (EM) radiation is explained using the particle model, which particle-like behavior is being described? Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) This ability to describe reality in the form of waves is at the heart of quantum mechanics. the number of waves that pass by a fixed point during a given amount of time FQ: In what ways do electrons act as particles and waves? Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that originates from the atom. In the absence of the intervening air molecules, no sound would reach the ear. This phenomenon is called wave-particle duality, which is essentially the idea that there are two equally correct ways to describe electromagnetic radiation. Difference between Electromagnetic and Mechanical Energy. Log In or. Discovery of Electron; 2.1.2. All electromagnetic radiations have the same nature in that they are electric and magnetic disturbances traveling through space. electromagnetic spectrum This question can be answered both broadly and specifically. Discuss the energy, wavelength, and frequency of each member of the electromagnetic spectrum and how these characteristics affect its behavior in interacting with matter. Planck theorized that electromagnetic radiation can only exist as “packets” of energy, later called photons. In general, it is the radiographer’s role to be familiar with the different types of radiation to which patients may be exposed and to be able to answer questions and educate patients. • Explain wave-particle duality as it applies to the electromagnetic spectrum. In the latter half of the 19th century, the physicist James Maxwell developed his electromagnetic theory, significantly advancing the world of physics. Radiowaves are used in conjunction with a magnetic field in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of the body. v = particle speed. In this theory he explained that all electromagnetic radiation is very similar in that it has no mass, carries energy in waves as electric and magnetic disturbances in space, and travels at the speed of light (Figure 3-1). Planck theorized that electromagnetic radiation can only exist as “packets” of energy, later called photons. Class 11: Chemistry: Structure of Atom-I: Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Planck’s quantum Theory So we know that light has properties of waves. This question can be answered both broadly and specifically. He or she should also understand the nature of radiation well enough to safely use it for medical imaging purposes. wavelength The ranges of energy, frequency, and wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum are continuous—that is, one constituent blends into the next (Figure 3-2). One difference between the “ends” of the spectrum is that only high-energy radiation (x-rays and gamma rays) has the ability to ionize matter. • Calculate the wavelength or frequency of electromagnetic radiation. Contrarily, wave nature is prominent when seen in the field of propagation of light. In phenomenon like reflection, refraction and diffraction it shows wave nature and in phenomenon like photoelectric effects, it shows particle nature. All electromagnetic radiations have the same nature in that they are electric and magnetic disturbances traveling through space. Objectives With this rationale in mind, the electromagnetic spectrum is discussed first, followed by a discussion of particulate radiation. For example, sound is a form of mechanical energy. 3.6 The Dual Nature of Electromagnetic Energy Learning Objectives Explain how the double slit experiment demonstrates wave-particle duality at the quantum scale. The particle nature of light can be demonstrated by the interaction of photons with matter. Describe the nature of the electromagnetic spectrum. The constant, h, which is named for Planck, is a mathematical value used to calculate photon energies based on frequency. radioactivity Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of 3.0 × 10 8 m/s, which is the speed of light (denoted by c ). He or she should also understand the nature of radiation well enough to safely use it for medical imaging purposes. ionization Identify concepts regarding the electromagnetic spectrum important for the radiographer. Applying Einstein's special theory of relativity, the relationship between energy (E) and momentum (p) of a particle is E = [ (pc) 2 + (mc 2) 2] (1/2) where m is the rest mass of the particle and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 10-12 to 1010 eV. One way in which light interacts with matter is via the photoelectric effect, which will be studied in detail in . The wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum range from 106 to10-16 meters (m) and the frequencies range from 102 to 1024 hertz (Hz). The wave theory of light was challenged when scientists discovered the photoelectric effect. The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 10-12 to 1010 eV. This question can be answered both broadly and specifically. All of the members of the electromagnetic spectrum have the same velocity (the speed of light or 3 × 108 m/s) and vary only in their energy, wavelength, and frequency. • Discuss the energy, wavelength, and frequency of each member of the electromagnetic spectrum and how these characteristics affect its behavior in interacting with matter. Electromagnetic Radiation is basically light, which is present in a rainbow or a double rainbow. Introduction Difference between Electromagnetic and Mechanical Energy nature of ionizing radiation as well as any risks and benefits, and should be an advocate for the patient in such discussions with other professionals. unit of wavelength is metre (m). beta particles The key difference between wave and particle nature of light is that the wave nature of light states that light can behave as an electromagnetic wave, whereas the particle nature of light states that light consists of particles called photons. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave. In this theory he explained that all electromagnetic radiation is very similar in that it has no mass, carries energy in waves as electric and magnetic disturbances in space, and travels at the speed of light (Figure 3-1). Students may wonder why it is necessary for the radiographer to understand the entire spectrum of radiation. • Explain wave-particle duality as it applies to the electromagnetic spectrum. X-rays and gamma rays are used for imaging in radiology and nuclear medicine, respectively. We talk about light being a form of electromagnetic radiation, which travels in the form of waves and has a range of wavelengths and frequencies. FIGURE 3-2 Electromagnetic Spectrum.The electromagnetic spectrum energy, frequency, and wavelength ranges are continuous, with energies from 10−12 to 1010 eV. • Differentiate between electromagnetic and particulate radiation. With electromagnetic radiation, it is the energy itself that is vibrating as a combination of electric and magnetic fields; it is pure energy. visible light Students may wonder why it is necessary for the radiographer to understand the entire spectrum of radiation. The phenomena such as interference, diffraction, and polarization can only be explained when light is treated as a wave whereas the phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, line spectra, and the production and scattering of x rays demonstrate the particle nature of light. The radiographer should consider him or herself as a resource for the public and should be able to dispel any myths or misconceptions about medical imaging in general. Offer ending soon! Rather, the energy itself vibrates. Visible light and other types of electromagnetic radiation are usually described as waves. In this theory he explained that all. • Differentiate between electromagnetic and particulate radiation. One difference between the “ends” of the spectrum is that only high-energy radiation (x-rays and gamma rays) has the ability to ionize matter. The ranges of energy, frequency, and wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum are continuous—that is, one constituent blends into the next (Figure 3-2). EM radiation has a wavelength. frequency Electromagnetic radiation exhibits properties of a wave or a particle depending on its energy and in some cases its environment. color) of radiant energy emitted by a blackbody depends on only its temperature, not its surface or composition. Dismiss, 01.05 Properties of Matter and their Measurement, 1.05 Properties of Matter and their Measurement, 01.06 The International System of Units (SI Units), 01.08 Uncertainty in Measurement: Scientific Notation, 1.08 Uncertainty in Measurement: Scientific Notation, 01.09 Arithmetic Operations using Scientific Notation, 1.09 Arithmetic Operations Using Scientific Notation, 01.12 Arithmetic Operations of Significant Figures, 1.12 Arithmetic Operations of Significant Figures, 01.17 Atomic Mass and Average Atomic Mass, 02.22 Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation, 2.22 Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation, 02.23 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation: Numericals, 2.23 Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation - Numericals, 02.24 Evidence for the quantized Electronic Energy Levels: Atomic Spectra, 2.24 Evidence for the Quantized Electronic Energy Levels - Atomic Spectra, 02.28 Importance of Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom, 2.28 Importance of Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom, 02.29 Bohr’s Theory and Line Spectrum of Hydrogen – I, 2.29 Bohr’s Theory and Line Spectrum of Hydrogen - I, 02.30 Bohr’s Theory and Line Spectrum of Hydrogen – II, 2.30 Bohr’s Theory and Line Spectrum of Hydrogen - II, 02.33 Dual Behaviour of Matter: Numericals, 2.33 Dual Behaviour of Matter - Numerical, 02.35 Significance of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 2.35 Significance of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, 02.36 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: Numericals, 2.36 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle - Numerical, 02.38 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom: Introduction, 2.38 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom - Introduction, 02.39 Hydrogen Atom and the Schrödinger Equation, 2.39 Hydrogen Atom and the Schrödinger Equation, 02.40 Important Features of Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom, 2.40 Important Features of Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom, 03 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties, 03.01 Why do we need to classify elements, 03.02 Genesis of Periodic classification – I, 3.02 Genesis of Periodic Classification - I, 03.03 Genesis of Periodic classification – II, 3.03 Genesis of Periodic Classification - II, 03.04 Modern Periodic Law and Present Form of Periodic Table, 3.04 Modern Periodic Law and Present Form of Periodic Table, 03.05 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100, 3.05 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100, 03.06 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table – I, 3.06 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table - I, 03.07 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table – II, 3.07 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table - II, 03.08 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: s-block – I, 3.08 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements - s-block - I, 03.09 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: p-blocks – II, 3.09 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements - p-blocks - II, 03.10 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: Exceptions in periodic table – III, 3.10 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements - Exceptions in Periodic Table - III, 03.11 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: d-block – IV, 3.11 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements - d-block - IV, 03.12 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: f-block – V, 3.12 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements - f-block - V, 03.18 Factors affecting Ionization Enthalpy, 3.18 Factors Affecting Ionization Enthalpy, 03.20 Trends in Ionization Enthalpy – II, 04 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure, 04.01 Kossel-Lewis approach to Chemical Bonding, 4.01 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding, 04.03 The Lewis Structures and Formal Charge, 4.03 The Lewis Structures and Formal Charge, 04.06 Bond Length, Bond Angle and Bond Order, 4.06 Bond Length, Bond Angle and Bond Order, 04.10 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, 4.10 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, 04.12 Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds, 4.12 Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent Bonds, 04.17 Formation of Molecular Orbitals (LCAO Method), 4.17 Formation of Molecular Orbitals (LCAO Method), 04.18 Types of Molecular Orbitals and Energy Level Diagram, 4.18 Types of Molecular Orbitals and Energy Level Diagram, 04.19 Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behavior, 4.19 Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour, Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure - Test, 05.02 Dipole-Dipole Forces And Hydrogen Bond, 5.02 Dipole-Dipole Forces and Hydrogen Bond, 05.03 Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces and Repulsive Intermolecular Forces, 5.03 Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces and Repulsive Intermolecular Forces, 05.04 Thermal Interaction and Intermolecular Forces, 5.04 Thermal Interaction and Intermolecular Forces, 05.08 The Gas Laws : Gay Lussac’s Law and Avogadro’s Law, 5.08 The Gas Laws - Gay Lussac’s Law and Avogadro’s Law, 05.10 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure – I, 05.12 Deviation of Real Gases from Ideal Gas Behaviour, 5.12 Deviation of Real Gases from Ideal Gas Behaviour, 05.13 Pressure -Volume Correction and Compressibility Factor, 5.13 Pressure - Volume Correction and Compressibility Factor, 06.02 Internal Energy as a State Function – I, 6.02 Internal Energy as a State Function - I, 06.03 Internal Energy as a State Function – II, 6.03 Internal Energy as a State Function - II, 06.06 Extensive and Intensive properties, Heat Capacity and their Relations, 6.06 Extensive and Intensive Properties, Heat Capacity and their Relations, 06.07 Measurement of ΔU and ΔH : Calorimetry, 6.07 Measurement of ΔU and ΔH - Calorimetry, 06.08 Enthalpy change, ΔrH of Reaction – I, 6.08 Enthalpy change, ΔrH of Reaction - I, 06.09 Enthalpy change, ΔrH of Reaction – II, 6.09 Enthalpy Change, ΔrH of Reaction - II, 06.10 Enthalpy change, ΔrH of Reaction – III, 6.10 Enthalpy Change, ΔrH of Reaction - III. With this rationale in mind, the electromagnetic spectrum is discussed first, followed by a discussion of particulate radiation. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV-rays, X-rays, gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation. Explain wave-particle duality as it applies to the electromagnetic spectrum. The Debate. It states that all the particles and quantum entities have not only a wave behaviour but also a particle … 06.11 Hess’s Law and Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions. • Calculate the wavelength or frequency of electromagnetic radiation. In this formula, E is energy, h is Planck’s constant (equal to 4.15 × 10-15 eV-sec), and f is the frequency of the photon. With electromagnetic radiation, it is the energy itself that is vibrating as a combination of electric and magnetic fields; it is pure energy. So does electromagnetic radiation consist of waves or particles? E=hf With this rationale in mind, the electromagnetic spectrum is discussed first, followed by a discussion of particulate radiation. Both ends of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in medical imaging. That is, electromagnetic radiations are emitted when changes in atoms occur, such as when electrons undergo orbital transitions or atomic nuclei emit excess energy to regain stability. Unlike mechanical energy, which requires an object or matter to act through, electromagnetic energy can exist apart from matter and can travel through a vacuum. This question about the nature of electromagnetic radiation was debated by scientists for more than two centuries, starting in the 1600s. Tags: Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging The physicist Max Planck first described the direct proportionality between energy and frequency; that is, as the frequency increases, so does the energy. 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